Four metals were each added to excess dilute hydrochloric acid. The temperature rise recorded for each reaction is shown below:

Metal W: +20°C | Metal X: +2°C | Metal Y: +45°C | Metal Z: +12°C

Deduce the order of reactivity of these metals, from most reactive to least reactive.

The following temperature changes were recorded when equal masses of metals P, Q, and R were added to excess dilute sulfuric acid:

Metal P: +8°C | Metal Q: +31°C | Metal R: +0°C (no reaction)

(a) Which metal is most reactive? [1]

(b) Suggest a reason why Metal R showed no temperature change. [1]

A student adds equal masses of metals A, B, and C to separate test tubes each containing 10 cm³ of 1 mol/dm³ hydrochloric acid. She records the maximum temperature reached:

Metal A: 28°C (starting temp: 20°C)

Metal B: 43°C (starting temp: 20°C)

Metal C: 22°C (starting temp: 20°C)

(a) Calculate the temperature rise for each metal. [1]

(b) State the order of reactivity (most → least reactive). [1]

(c) State one variable the student must control to make this a fair test. [1]

The data below shows temperature changes when metals are reacted with cold water:

Metal K: +55°C (vigorous fizzing, flame observed)

Metal L: +3°C (slow bubbling)

Metal M: No reaction

Identify which metals could be potassium (K), iron (Fe), and gold (Au) respectively, justifying your answer.

A student tests four unknown metals (1, 2, 3, 4) by adding them to dilute hydrochloric acid. The results are:

Metal 1: Explodes violently on contact

Metal 2: Temperature rise of +38°C, fast bubbling

Metal 3: Temperature rise of +9°C, slow bubbling

Metal 4: No observable reaction

(a) Which metal is most likely a Group 1 metal? Explain. [1]

(b) Write a general word equation for the reaction of a metal with hydrochloric acid. [1]

(c) Place metals 2, 3, and 4 in order of reactivity (most → least). [1]

Three metals A, B, and C show the following behaviour:

• Metal A reacts with steam but NOT with cold water

• Metal B reacts vigorously with cold water

• Metal C reacts with dilute acid but NOT with steam

Deduce the order of reactivity of A, B, and C from most to least reactive, and give the approximate position of each in the reactivity series.

Use the displacement matrix below to deduce the order of reactivity.

'✓' = displacement occurs, '✗' = no displacement, '—' = not tested

| | Cu²⁺(aq) | Fe²⁺(aq) | Zn²⁺(aq) |

|--------|----------|----------|----------|

| Metal X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

| Metal Y | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |

| Metal Z | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |

Order the metals X, Y, Z and Cu, Fe, Zn from most to least reactive.

Metal P, Q, R, and S are tested in displacement reactions:

• P displaces Q, R, and S from their solutions

• Q displaces R but NOT S

• R displaces neither Q, P, nor S

• S displaces R only

(a) Which is the most reactive metal? [1]

(b) Which is the least reactive metal? [1]

(c) Write the full ionic equation for the displacement of R by Q, given R²⁺ and Q are the species involved. [1]

A student places strips of metal into solutions of different metal salts. After 10 minutes:

• Iron strip in copper sulfate solution: Brown coating forms on iron

• Copper strip in iron sulfate solution: No change

• Iron strip in zinc sulfate solution: No change

• Zinc strip in iron sulfate solution: Grey coating forms on zinc

Using ONLY this data, deduce the reactivity order of Fe, Cu, and Zn.

The table shows reactions of metals with cold water, steam, and dilute acid:

| | Cold Water | Steam | Dilute Acid |

|--------|-----------|-------|-------------|

| Metal E | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ |

| Metal F | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ |

| Metal G | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |

(✓✓✓ = vigorous, ✓ = reacts, ✗ = no reaction)

(a) Order E, F, G from most to least reactive. [1]

(b) Name a metal that could be Metal E. [1]

(c) Name a metal that could be Metal F. [1]

In a displacement matrix experiment, the following results were observed:

• Metal D displaces metals E, F, and G from their solutions

• Metal F displaces metals E and G from their solutions

• Metal G displaces metal E from its solution

• Metal E cannot displace any of the other metals

Identify: (a) the most reactive metal [1] and (b) the complete reactivity order. [1]

The table below shows displacement reactions between metals J, K, L, M (rows) and their salt solutions (columns). ✓ = displacement, ✗ = no displacement.

| | J²⁺ | K²⁺ | L²⁺ | M²⁺ |

|---|-----|-----|-----|-----|

| J | — | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |

| K | ✓ | — | ✗ | ✗ |

| L | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✗ |

| M | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — |

(a) Order J, K, L, M from most to least reactive. [1]

(b) Write a half-equation for the oxidation of Metal M when it displaces J from J²⁺(aq). [1]

(c) Which metal acts as the oxidising agent in the reaction between M and K²⁺(aq)? [1]

Metals V, W, X, Y, and Z are tested with various reagents. The observations are:

• V reacts explosively with cold water

• W reacts only when heated strongly with dilute acid

• X can be found native (uncombined) in the Earth's crust

• Y tarnishes slowly in air but does not react with dilute acid

• Z reacts slowly with cold water, producing an alkaline solution

(a) Identify which metal is most likely gold (Au). [1]

(b) Identify which metal is most likely sodium (Na). [1]

(c) Arrange V, W, X, Y, Z in order from most to least reactive. [1]

A student makes this claim: 'Metal T is more reactive than metal U because when T is added to a solution of U²⁺ ions, a brown solid forms on the surface of T.'

(a) Is the student's conclusion correct? Explain. [1]

(b) Write an ionic equation for this displacement reaction, assuming T forms T²⁺ ions. [1]

This question is extended writing. [4 marks]

A scientist has four unknown metals: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. She performs a series of experiments and records:

1. Alpha reacts explosively with cold water, producing gas and an alkaline solution.

2. Beta does not react with cold water or steam, but reacts slowly with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

3. Gamma reacts with steam to produce an oxide and hydrogen gas.

4. Delta does not react with any common acids or water under normal laboratory conditions.

5. Beta solution is displaced by Gamma metal.

Using ALL the evidence, write a detailed account of the reactivity order of these metals, explaining your reasoning at each step.